Computing Notes

Data Structure and Algorithms – Queues

Data Structure and AlgorithmLeave a Comment

Resources: Queues are one of the most intuitive and widely used data structures in computer science. If you’ve ever waited in line at a coffee shop, ticket counter, or printer, you’ve already experienced a queue in real life! What is a Queue? A queue is an abstract data type that follows the FIFO principle – ... Read More

Calculus – Natural Logarithms

Calculus, MathematicsLeave a Comment

Resources: What is Natural Logarithm? In calculus, the natural logarithm is the logarithm to the base e, where e is an irrational and transcendental constant approximately equal to 2.71828. Unlike base-10 logarithms (common logs), the natural logarithm, denoted as $ln(x)$, is preferred in calculus because it simplifies the differentiation and integration of exponential functions. 1. ... Read More

Euler’s Number $e$

Calculus, MathematicsLeave a Comment

Resources: What is Euler’s Number? Euler’s number (e≈2.71828e is approximately equal to 2.71828) was first discovered by Swiss mathematician in Jacob Bernoulli in1683 while studying compound interest. However, it is named after Leonhard Euler, who popularized the constant, discovered its connection to calculus, calculated its value to 23 decimal places, and used the letter 𝑒 ... Read More

Calculus – Inverse Functions

Calculus, MathematicsLeave a Comment

Resources: What is Inverse Function in Calculus? In calculus, an inverse function is a function that “undoes” the action of another function. If a function $f$ takes an input $x$ and gives an output y, its inverse $f^{−1}$ takes $y$ and brings you back to $x$. Mathematically: $f(x) = y \iff f^{-1}(y) = x$ 1. ... Read More

Data Structure and Algorithms – Stacks

Data Structure and AlgorithmLeave a Comment

Resources: 1. What is Stack? A Stack is one of the most fundamental linear data structures in computer science. If you’ve ever piled up a stack of cafeteria trays or used the “Undo” button in a text editor, you’ve already interacted with a stack in the real world. A stack is a linear data structure ... Read More

Covert Communication

Wireless CommunicationLeave a Comment

References: What is Covert Communication? Covert communication, or Low Probability of Detection (LPD) communication, is a security technique designed to hide the very existence of a transmission. Unlike standard encryption, which hides the content of a message, covert communication hides the act of communicating from an observant adversary, often referred to as a “warden” (Willie). ... Read More

Transformer Part II – Code Implementation

Large Language ModelsLeave a Comment

https://huggingface.co/datasets/bird-of-paradise/transformer-from-scratch-tutorial/blob/main/Transformer_Implementation_Tutorial.ipynb https://github.com/hkproj/pytorch-transformer

Electromagnetic Spectrum

Wireless CommunicationLeave a Comment

References: What is Electromagnetic Spectrum? The electromagnetic (EM) spectrum is the entire range of all types of electromagnetic radiation. Radiation is energy that travels and spreads out as it goes, the visible light that comes from a lamp in your house and the radio waves that come from a radio station are two types of ... Read More

Wireless Channel

Wireless CommunicationLeave a Comment

References: What is wireless channel? In wireless communication, a wireless channel refers to the physical medium, the air or space, through which electromagnetic signals travel from a transmitter to a receiver. Unlike a wired connection (like fiber optics or Ethernet cables) where the signal is contained within a physical “pipe,” a wireless channel is open ... Read More

Network Coding Type – Opportunistic

Wireless CommunicationLeave a Comment

References: What is opportunistic network coding? In the world of wireless communication, the biggest challenge isn’t just sending data, it’s doing so without creating a digital traffic jam. While traditional routers simply act as relay stations, a more intelligent approach has emerged: Opportunistic Network Coding. Instead of treating every packet as a solo traveler, we ... Read More